BEHIND THE GLASS WORLD

Glass first produced (15th Century BC1499 - 1400), probably in Egypt. Cartouche of King Thotmes III (1501-1449) on three vases.
Any material inorganic, organic or metallic formed by any technique, which exhibits glass transformation behaviour or Amorphous solid completely lacking in long range, periodic, atomic, structure & exhibiting a region of glass transformation behaviour or Glass is a hard material that is usually transparent made by cooling certain molten materials in such a manner that they do not crystallize but remain in amorphous state or Glass is considered to be a super cooled liquid, i.e. the solid in which the molecules are present as aggregates as in liquid, and are not present in any definite pattern.

Types of Glass

Glass is classified in a number of ways on the basis of its chemical composition, properties, manufacturing process or it's use. Some important types of glass are as follows.

1. Soft Glass or Soda Glass
Soft glass or Soda glass is an ordinary glass which is a mixture of sodium silicate and sodium calcium silicate. it is also known as window glass.

2. Refractory Potassium Glass
It is a mixture of potassium silicate and calcium silicate. It has high refractive index. This glass is used for making prism, lenses and decorative glass wear.

3. Pyrex Glass
It is boro silicated glass. The main constituents of Pyrex Glass are boroxide (B2O3) and silica (SiO2). This glass has no chemical durability and is soluble even in water.

4. Water Glass
Water glass is just a sodium silicate, which is prepared by the reaction of sodium oxide (Na2O) and silica (SiO2). This glass has no chemical durability and is soluble even in water.

5. Coloured Glass
Coloured glass is prepared by adding certain transition metal oxides. For example copper oxide (CuO) gives light blue coloured glass, where as cobalt oxide (CoO) gives dark blue colour, chromium oxide (Cr2O3) gives green colour and zinc oxide (ZnO) give red coloured glass.

6. Photochromic Glass or Photosensitive Glass
Photochromic glass produces darkness on exposure to bright sunlight but becomes clear again in absence of light. This glass contains silver chloride or silver bromide salts which is sensitive to light, in presence of light, the salt is decomposed to give finely divided black silver, in absence of sunlight, silver and chloride recombine to reform AgCl. This glass is used in sunglasses.

7. Optical Fibres
Optical fibres are thin fibres of silica glass of high purity. They have excellent optical transparency. This glass is used to transmit T.V Programs, Telephone conversion, Computer output etc. It is also used to make a design on glass. This process is called Etching

Graphene Material; Changing the Rules of Discovery

A thin flake of ordinary carbon, just one atom thick, lies behind the Nobel Prize in Physics. Andre Geim and Konestanin Novoselov have shown that carbon in such a flat form has exceptional properties that originate from the remarkable world of quantum physics. It could not have been easier to obtain graphene, the miraculous material that come ordinary graphite such as is found in pencils. However, the most simple and obvious things are often form over view.

“Graphene is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice, and is a basic building block for graphitic materials of all other dimensionalities. It can be wrapped up into 0D fullerenes, rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into 3D graphite.”

Graphene is amazing. Or at least, it could be. Made from a layer of carbon one-atom thick, it's the strongest material in the world, it's completely flexible, and it's more conductive than copper. Discovered just under a decade ago, the supermaterial potentially has some unbelievable applications for us in the not so distant future.

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon. In this material, carbon atoms are arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. Graphene can be described as a one-atom thick layer of the mineral graphite (many layers of graphene stacked together effectively form crystalline flake graphite). Among its other well-publicised superlative properties, it is very light, with a 1-square-meter sheet weighing only 0.77 milligrams. The properties of graphene, carbon sheets that are only one atom thick, have caused researchers and companies to consider using this material in several fields. The following survey of graphene applications introduces you to many of these uses.

Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim

In essence, graphene is an isolated atomic plane of graphite. From this perspective, graphene has been known since the invention of X-ray crystallography. Graphene planes become even better separated in intercalated graphite compounds. In 2004, physicists at the University of Manchester and the Institute for Microelectronics Technology, Chernogolovka, Russia, first isolated individual graphene planes by using adhesive tape. They also measured electronic properties of the obtained flakes and showed their unique properties. In 2005 the same Manchester Geim group together with the Philip Kim group from Columbia University  demonstrated that quasiparticles in graphene were massless Dirac fermions. These discoveries led to an explosion of interest in graphene.

The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene".

Some graphene applications:

          The properties of graphene, carbon sheets that are only one atom thick, have caused researchers and companies to consider using this material in several fields. The following survey of graphene applications introduces you to many of these uses. Mega-fast uploads. We're talking a whole terabit in just one second.

Graphene is just one atom thick, but remarkably strong. Scientists have suggested that it would take an elephant, balanced on a pencil to break through a single sheet. Already dubbed a miracle material due to its strength, lightness, flexibility, conductivity and low cost, it could now enter the market to dramatically improve telecommunications, researchers said. Using 'miracle material' graphene in telecommunications could dramatically make the internet a hundred times faster, a new study has found. Researchers the Universities of Bath and Exeter have demonstrated for the first time incredibly short optical response rates using graphene, which could pave the way for a revolution in telecommunications. Ordinarily optical switches respond at rate of a few picoseconds - around a trillionth of a second. Through this study physicists have observed the response rate of an optical switch using 'few layer graphene' to be around one hundred femtoseconds - nearly a hundred times quicker than current materials.

Plug your phone in for five seconds and it would be all charged up. The downside here is that you won't be able to use a dead phone as an excuse anymore. Lithium-ion batteries that recharge faster. These batteries use graphene on the surface of the anode surface. Defects in the graphene sheet (introduced using a heat treatment) provide pathways for the lithium ions to attach to the anode substate. Studies have shown that the time needed to recharge a battery using the graphene anode is much shorter than with conventional lithium-ion batteries. 

Touchscreens that use graphene as their conductor could beslapped onto plastic rather than glass. That would mean super thin, unbreakable touchscreens and never worrying about shattering your phone ever again. Just a single sheet of graphene could produce headphones that have a frequency response comparable to a pair of Sennheisers, as some scientists at UC Berkeley recently showed us.

High-power graphene supercapacitors would make batteries obselete. Ultracapacitors with better performance than batteries. These ultracapacitiors store electrons on graphene sheets, taking advantage of the large surface of graphene to provide increase the electrical power that can be stored in the capacitor. Researchers are projecting that these ultracapacitors will have as much electrical storage capacity as lithium ion batteries but will be able to be recharged in minutes instead of hours.

       The ability to build high frequency transistors with graphene is possible because of the higher speed at which electrons in graphene move compared to electrons in silicon. Researchers are also developing lithography techniques that can be used to fabricate integrated circuits based on graphene.
        Researchers have built a solar cell that uses graphene as a electrode while using buckyballs and carbon nanotubes to absorb light and generate electrons; making a solar cell composed only of carbon. Graphene could pave the way for bionic devices in living tissues that could be connected directly to your neurons. So people with spinal injuries, for example, could re-learn how to use their limbs.

What if we actually had a clear solution for cleaning up the tainted water near Fukushima? Scientists at Rice say graphene could potentially clump together radioactive waste, making disposal is a breeze. 

Several potential applications for graphene are under development, and many more have been proposed. These include lightweight, thin, flexible, yet durable display screens, electric circuits, and solar cells, as well as various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of new graphene materials.

Reference:

• Nobel Foundation announcement
• http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/nano/Publications.html#Graphene
• Geim, A. K. and Novoselov, K. S. (2007). "The rise of graphene"
• H. P. Boehm, A. Clauss, G. O. Fischer, U. Hofmann (1962). "Das Adsorptionsverhalten sehr dünner Kohlenstoffolien". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 316 (3–4): 119–127
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
• http://www.techgig.com/tech-news/editors-pick/Graphene
• http://www.emsl.pnl.gov
• http://gizmodo.com/5988977/9-incredible-uses-for-graphene
• http://www.graphene-info.com/tags/graphene-applications
• http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/graphene-may-boost-internet-speed-100-times/article4914735.ece
• http://www.understandingnano.com/graphene-applications.html
• www.tumblr.com
• http://www.aegindia.org/2012/10/paperthin-smartphones-strong-thin-graphene/214807.html
• http://www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/2011-06/first-graphene-based-circuit-step-toward-graphene-computer-chips
• http://www.humods.com/2009_01_01_archive.html
• http://www.engineerjobs.com/content/2013/4-ways-graphene-changes-everything.htm
• #science #vinayakpattar #vinayak #pattar #jncasr #sjcit #nano #nanotech #bangaloreuniversity #physics #vinayakpattarblog

WORLD WON’T END IN 2012

The 2012 phenomenon has been discussed or referenced in several media. Several TV documentaries, as well as many contemporary fictional references to the year 2012 refer to 21 December as the day of a cataclysmic event.

Indian calender 5000 years old (2007-2042). 

Nothing will happen to our earth around 4 to 5 billion years in future. Mayan calendar is same like our colander (which we are using in our home, Jan 1 to Dec 31). In Mayan calendar December 21 is last day where as our calendar December 31 is last day of the year, as our calendar begins again on January 1, another long count period begins for the Mayan calendar!

The phenomenon has spread widely since coming to public notice, particularly on the Internet. Hundreds of thousands of websites have been posted on the subject. "Ask an astrobiologist", a NASA public outreach website, has received over 5000 questions from the public on the subject since 2007,  some people are asking whether they should kill themselves, their children or their pets. 

In May 2012, an Ipsos poll of 16,000 adults in 21 countries found that 8 percent had experienced fear or anxiety over the possibility of the world ending in December, 2012, while an average of 10 percent agreed with the statement "the Mayan calendar, which some say ‘ends’ in 2012, marks the end of the world", with responses as high as 20 percent in China, 13 percent in Russia, Turkey, Japan and Korea, and 12 percent in the United States, where sales of private underground blast shelters have increased noticeably since 2009. 

At least one suicide has been directly linked to fear of a 2012 apocalypse, with several more anecdotally reported.A panel of scientists questioned on the topic at a plenary session at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific contended that the Internet has played a substantial role in allowing this doomsday date to gain more traction than previous similar panics.

"There apparently is a great deal of interest in celestial bodies, and their locations and trajectories at the end of the calendar year 2012. Now, I for one love a good book or movie as much as the next guy. But the stuff flying around through cyberspace, TV and the movies is not based on science. There is even a fake NASA news release out there..."

- Don Yeomans, NASA senior research scientist

Some people don’t know about Science!!!!!!!!!!!
Please note actual meaning of Science is:

“Science is Systematized knowledge, careful observation, experimentation, and verification” 

Then don’t listen to stuff flying around through cyberspace, TV and the movies, these are making money on the end of the calendar year 2012.

World will not end in 21 Dec 2012.  It is conspiracy theory. It is not proven properly and scientifically. It has to be done in different time and space by only global warming. We should save the earth, because earth is heating up day by day, but we are not caring, we are doing non-productive arguments.

We do know the nature is spoiling day by day. Whatever we have herd in TV channels Newspapers and some blogs on world end and they are making money on that.

For example the Movie 2012 which is released on 2009 by American science fiction disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich and it is not scientific, they invested 200 million(1100 crores) and has a worldwide theatrical revenue that reached approximately $800 million (4400 Crores). And just imagine cyberspace several media and TV documentaries how much they might earned.

Some Important below question on myths and disbelief's of world end Dec 21, 2012

Beyond 2012: Why the World Won't End (NASA)

•  Are there any threats to the Earth in 2012? 
• Many Internet websites say the world will end in December 2012. 
• What is the origin of the prediction that the world will end in 2012? 
• Does the Mayan calendar end in December 2012? 
• Is NASA predicting a "total blackout" of Earth on Dec. 23 to Dec. 25?
• Could planets align in a way that impacts Earth? 
• Is there a planet or brown dwarf called Nibiru or Planet X or Eris that is approaching the Earth and threatening our planet with widespread destruction? 
• What is the polar shift theory? Is it true that the Earth's crust does a 180-degree rotation around the core in a matter of days if not hours? 
• Is the Earth in danger of being hit by a meteor in 2012? 
• How do NASA scientists feel about claims of the world ending in 2012?
• Is there a danger from giant solar storms predicted for 2012?

 NASA Scientists answers to above questions on the 2012 topics

Click Here: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012.html#end

Reference:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_(film)
• http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012.html#end
• http://suite101.com/article/the-hindu-calendar-or-panchang-a300621                               

                                    ***** We Do Not Know the Nature *****

Everything is Based on Desirability!

We have different viewpoints; those are positive and negative. So many thought will come into our mind in so many directions that’s all depend on our excitement supervision and stimulation of our system, It will help to understand what we are thinking and what we are going to do, that is our own reactions, we have two mind, one is good and one is bad, it’s all based on mental-ability and what we think! It proceeds to positive & negative emotions!

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ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು,

Vinayak K Pattar

M.Sc Physics

Christ University

Bangalore.